What are BVLOS Operations?
BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line of Sight) operations allow drones to fly outside the pilot's direct visual range using onboard sensors, GPS, and detect-and-avoid systems. These operations require regulatory approval through waivers or specific authorizations and enable long-range missions for inspection, delivery, surveying, and emergency response applications.
Table of contents
- Understanding BVLOS regulatory requirements
- FAA Part 107 BVLOS waivers
- EASA specific category and SORA
- Technical requirements for BVLOS
- Documentation and risk assessment
- Operational procedures
- Frequently asked questions
- Implementation considerations
- In summary
Understanding BVLOS regulatory requirements
The transition from standard visual line of sight operations to BVLOS represents a significant regulatory step. While visual line of sight operations are permitted under basic commercial licenses, BVLOS requires explicit approval from aviation authorities.
Regulatory frameworks worldwide treat BVLOS as a higher-risk category. The primary concern is maintaining separation from manned aircraft and obstacles without direct visual observation. This creates documentation requirements far beyond standard Part 107 operations.
In the United States, the FAA categorizes BVLOS under Part 107 waiver operations or the emerging Part 108 framework. European operators follow EASA regulations using the specific category and SORA methodology. Canadian operators work with Transport Canada's standardized BVLOS pathways.
Each regulatory system shares common safety requirements. Operators must demonstrate detect-and-avoid capability, reliable command and control links, comprehensive risk mitigation strategies, and robust operational procedures. The approval process validates these elements through detailed documentation review.
FAA Part 107 BVLOS waivers
The FAA issues BVLOS waivers under 14 CFR Part 107.31, which normally requires operations within visual line of sight. Waiver applications require submission through FAADroneZone using Form 7711-2.
Three primary waiver approaches exist. Shielded operations use physical barriers to prevent the drone from leaving a controlled area. Visual observer networks position trained observers to maintain visual contact throughout the mission. Certified detect-and-avoid systems provide technical means to identify and avoid other aircraft.
The waiver application centers on the Concept of Operations (CONOPS). This document describes the operation in detail, including mission profile, geographic boundaries, altitudes, aircraft specifications, crew qualifications, and safety procedures. The CONOPS must address how the operation achieves equivalent safety to standard Part 107 requirements.
Risk analysis forms the second critical component. Operators identify hazards, assess their likelihood and severity, and detail mitigation measures. The FAA evaluates whether proposed mitigations adequately address identified risks. Operational risk assessment methodologies help structure this analysis.
Processing times vary from 90 to 120 days for complete applications. Incomplete submissions receive a notification of deficiencies and require resubmission. Approved waivers include specific limitations on operations, aircraft, locations, and conditions.
Public safety organizations access streamlined Part 91 waivers for drone as first responder programs. These waivers support emergency response applications where BVLOS capability provides critical operational advantage.
The FAA proposed Part 108 regulations in 2025 to create a predictable framework for routine BVLOS operations. This rule would establish operational categories based on risk and reduce reliance on individual waivers for standardized operations.
EASA specific category and SORA
European operators conduct BVLOS operations under the specific category framework. This risk-based system requires operational authorization from national aviation authorities.
The Specific Operations Risk Assessment (SORA) provides the methodology for risk classification. SORA 2.5, introduced in 2025, offers simplified procedures while maintaining safety standards. The process evaluates ground risk, air risk, and required mitigation measures.
Ground risk assessment considers the operational area's population density and characteristics. Operations over urban areas receive higher risk scores than remote locations. The assessment determines the required Ground Risk Class and corresponding mitigation measures.
Air risk evaluation focuses on the collision risk with manned aviation. Factors include airspace class, altitude, proximity to airports, and local traffic patterns. The resulting Air Risk Class drives requirements for detect-and-avoid capability and tactical mitigation procedures.
Operators combine ground and air risk assessments to determine the overall Specific Assurance and Integrity Level (SAIL). Higher SAIL ratings require more robust safety measures, operational procedures, and potentially third-party validation of the safety case.
Pre-Defined Risk Assessments (PDRAs) offer streamlined pathways for common BVLOS scenarios. PDRA-01 covers operations beyond visual line of sight over sparsely populated areas. Using a PDRA reduces documentation requirements compared to full SORA analysis.
Member state aviation authorities review applications and issue operational authorizations. These authorizations specify permitted operations, geographic boundaries, required procedures, and crew qualifications. Some nations maintain additional national requirements beyond the EU baseline framework.
Technical requirements for BVLOS
Command and control link reliability forms the foundation of BVLOS operations. Systems must maintain connectivity throughout the operational area with sufficient bandwidth for telemetry, video, and control commands. Backup communication systems provide redundancy if the primary link fails.
Detect-and-avoid systems prevent mid-air collisions. Electronic conspicuity solutions broadcast the drone's position to nearby aircraft. Cooperative DAA uses ADS-B receivers to detect transponder-equipped aircraft. Non-cooperative systems employ radar, optical sensors, or acoustic detection to identify non-transponder targets.
Navigation accuracy requirements exceed standard GPS performance. Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) or similar precision positioning ensures accurate position knowledge for obstacle avoidance and mission execution. Operators must account for GPS degradation or loss scenarios.
Automated flight termination provides a safety backstop. If the aircraft exits defined geographic boundaries, loses communication, or encounters critical system failures, the termination system executes a safe landing or controlled descent within approved areas.
Weather monitoring integrates real-time conditions into operational decisions. Weather considerations impact visibility, wind, precipitation, and temperature limits. Automated systems can pause or abort missions when conditions exceed operational parameters.
System health monitoring provides continuous assessment of critical components. Battery status, motor temperatures, link quality, and navigation accuracy receive active monitoring. Degraded performance triggers warnings or automated safety responses.
Geofencing prevents inadvertent entry into restricted areas. Multi-layer boundaries create warning zones before hard limits. The system automatically prevents flight into prohibited airspace or maintains required separation distances.
Documentation and risk assessment
The operational manual defines procedures for all phases of BVLOS operations. It covers pre-flight planning, crew responsibilities, normal procedures, emergency procedures, and post-flight reporting. This document serves as the foundation for crew training and operational consistency.
Pre-flight planning for BVLOS operations requires more detailed preparation than standard flights. Mission planning includes route analysis, airspace coordination, weather assessment, NOTAM review, and system verification. Documentation captures planning decisions and authorization confirmations.
Crew qualifications extend beyond basic pilot licensing. BVLOS operations require specific training on system operation, emergency procedures, crew resource management, and regulatory requirements. Training records document competency verification and recurrent training completion.
Maintenance procedures ensure aircraft reliability. Scheduled inspections, component replacements, and system tests follow manufacturer recommendations and operational experience. Maintenance tracking documents all service actions and component history.
Incident and accident reporting procedures align with regulatory requirements. Operators must identify reportable events, notification timelines, and investigation procedures. Documentation of incidents provides safety data and identifies improvement opportunities.
The safety management system integrates these elements into a coherent framework. It includes safety policy, risk management processes, safety assurance activities, and safety promotion efforts. Regular reviews identify trends and drive continuous improvement.
Insurance requirements for BVLOS operations typically exceed standard commercial policies. Specialized coverage addresses higher risk exposure and regulatory requirements. Coverage limits, exclusions, and conditions vary by jurisdiction and operation type.
Operational procedures
Mission execution begins with comprehensive preflight procedures. Beyond standard preflight checklists, BVLOS operations verify communication links, detect-and-avoid systems, geofencing configuration, and emergency systems. Each system receives functional verification before flight approval.
Airspace coordination requirements vary by jurisdiction and operation type. Operations in controlled airspace require prior authorization. Some regulatory frameworks support digital coordination through UTM systems, while others rely on traditional coordination procedures.
Crew coordination protocols define roles and responsibilities. The remote pilot in command maintains overall authority. Visual observers, if used, follow specified scanning patterns and communication procedures. Technical operators monitor system health and performance parameters.
Takeoff and landing procedures require particular attention in BVLOS operations. These phases typically occur within visual range before transitioning to BVLOS segments. Launch and recovery sites must provide safe operations and meet regulatory requirements for separation from people and property.
En route operations follow approved routes and altitude profiles. Pilots monitor aircraft performance, navigation accuracy, and system health. Deviations from planned routes require approval or trigger predefined contingency procedures. Continuous risk assessment during flight identifies changing conditions.
Lost link procedures execute if the command and control connection fails. Aircraft typically enter a holding pattern while attempting to reestablish the link. If communication cannot be restored within specified timeframes, automated procedures execute a safe landing or controlled flight termination.
Emergency procedures address various contingency scenarios. System failures, weather deterioration, airspace incursions, and equipment malfunctions each have defined responses. Crew training emphasizes decision-making under time pressure and coordination during emergencies.
Post-flight procedures include mission debriefing, flight log documentation, data download, and equipment inspection. Anomalies or deviations from standard operations receive investigation and documentation. This information feeds into safety management and continuous improvement processes.
Frequently asked questions
How long does it take to get BVLOS approval?
FAA waiver applications typically take 90 to 120 days for complete submissions. EASA specific category authorizations vary by member state but generally require 30 to 90 days. The timeline depends on application completeness, operation complexity, and authority workload. Starting the process early and ensuring thorough documentation reduces delays.
Can I use my existing Part 107 license for BVLOS operations?
Your Part 107 certification is a prerequisite for BVLOS operations, but it is not sufficient alone. You must obtain a specific waiver for BVLOS operations through FAADroneZone. The waiver application demonstrates how you will achieve equivalent safety to standard Part 107 requirements. Additional training on BVLOS procedures and systems is typically required.
What does detect-and-avoid equipment cost?
DAA system costs range from $5,000 to $50,000 depending on capability and integration requirements. Basic ADS-B receivers start around $5,000. Integrated radar and optical systems cost $20,000 to $50,000. Operating costs include maintenance, calibration, and software updates. Consider total system cost including integration with your platform and ground control systems.
Do all BVLOS operations require detect-and-avoid systems?
Not necessarily. Shielded operations within physical boundaries may not require DAA systems. Operations in segregated airspace with confirmed absence of other aircraft can use procedural separation. However, most routine BVLOS operations in shared airspace require either cooperative DAA (ADS-B) or non-cooperative detection capability. Regulatory requirements vary by jurisdiction and operation type.
Implementation considerations
Building a BVLOS capability requires significant investment in equipment, training, and documentation. Start by identifying specific operational requirements and use cases. Understanding mission profiles helps determine appropriate technology solutions and regulatory pathways.
Technology selection should align with operational needs and regulatory requirements. Evaluate aircraft endurance, payload capacity, communication range, and sensor capabilities. Consider system integration complexity and vendor support availability. Choose platforms with proven track records in BVLOS applications.
Regulatory pathway selection depends on your jurisdiction, operation type, and timeline. In the US, determine whether standard Part 107 waivers, public safety exemptions, or future Part 108 provisions best fit your needs. In Europe, assess whether PDRAs apply or full SORA analysis is required.
Training program development encompasses technical skills, regulatory knowledge, and operational procedures. Create structured training for remote pilots, visual observers, and support personnel. Include scenario-based training for emergency procedures and decision-making under pressure.
Consider partnering with organizations experienced in BVLOS operations. Drone service providers with existing approvals can provide valuable guidance. Some operators offer consulting services to support waiver applications and program development.
Budget both initial and ongoing costs. Initial expenses include equipment, documentation development, training, and application fees. Ongoing costs cover maintenance, insurance, recurrent training, and regulatory compliance activities. Fleet management systems help track these costs and optimize operations.
In summary
BVLOS operations unlock significant operational capabilities for commercial drone programs. Long-range missions, extended area coverage, and reduced crew requirements provide compelling advantages over visual line of sight operations. These benefits come with substantial regulatory and technical requirements.
Regulatory compliance forms the foundation of successful BVLOS operations. Understanding approval processes, documentation requirements, and operational limitations helps operators develop realistic implementation plans. Both FAA and EASA frameworks continue evolving, with simplified procedures emerging for routine operations.
Technical capabilities continue advancing. Detect-and-avoid systems improve in reliability and affordability. Communication systems leverage cellular and satellite networks for extended range. Automation reduces pilot workload and improves mission execution consistency.
Successful BVLOS programs balance operational capability with safety and compliance. Thorough planning, robust procedures, qualified crews, and appropriate technology create the foundation for safe operations. Organizations that invest in comprehensive programs position themselves to capitalize on emerging opportunities as regulations continue maturing.
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